1. Family: Nilo-Saharan
  2. Subfamily: Central Sudanic
  3. Genus: Moru-Ma'di

Lugbara

WALS coordinates: 3° 4′ 48.00″ N, 30° 55′ 12.00″ E

spoken in Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda

Alternative Names

Ethnologue:
Ruhlen:
  • Logbara
Routledge:
    Other:
    • High Lugbara,
    • Logbara,
    • Lugbara, Western
    ISO 639-3:

    Features

    Feature Value References
    Phonology
    Consonant Inventories Moderately large
    Vowel Quality Inventories Large (7-14)
    Consonant-Vowel Ratio Average
    Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives In both plosives and fricatives
    Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems None missing in /p t k b d g/
    Uvular Consonants None
    Glottalized Consonants Implosives and glottalized resonants
    Lateral Consonants Laterals, but no /l/, no obstruent laterals
    Front Rounded Vowels None
    Syllable Structure Moderately complex
    Tone Complex tone system
    Absence of Common Consonants All present
    Presence of Uncommon Consonants Labial-velars
    Morphology
    Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives Ablaut/concatenative
    Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives Case + TAM
    Locus of Marking in the Clause No marking
    Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases Dependent marking
    Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology Inconsistent or other
    Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology Weakly prefixing
    Nominal Categories
    Coding of Nominal Plurality Plural suffix
    Occurrence of Nominal Plurality All nouns, optional in inanimates
    The Associative Plural Associative same as additive plural
    Definite Articles No definite or indefinite article
    Indefinite Articles No definite or indefinite article
    Indefinite Pronouns Generic-noun-based
    Position of Case Affixes No case affixes or adpositional clitics
    Comitatives and Instrumentals Differentiation
    Numeral Classifiers Absent
    Nominal Syntax
    Obligatory Possessive Inflection Absent
    Possessive Classification Two classes
    Nominal and Verbal Conjunction Differentiation
    Verbal Categories
    Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes Tense-aspect prefixes
    The Morphological Imperative Second person number-neutral
    The Prohibitive Normal imperative + normal negative
    Imperative-Hortative Systems Maximal system
    Word Order
    Order of Subject, Object and Verb No dominant order
    Order of Subject and Verb SV
    Order of Object and Verb No dominant order
    Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb No dominant order
    Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase Postpositions
    Order of Genitive and Noun Genitive-Noun
    Order of Adjective and Noun Noun-Adjective
    Order of Demonstrative and Noun Noun-Demonstrative
    Order of Numeral and Noun Noun-Numeral
    Order of Relative Clause and Noun Noun-Relative clause
    Order of Degree Word and Adjective Adjective-Degree word
    Position of Polar Question Particles Final
    Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions Not initial interrogative phrase
    Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause Mixed
    Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase Other
    Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun Other
    Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun Other
    Simple Clauses
    Negative Morphemes Negative word, unclear if verb or particle
    Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation Both
    Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation A/Cat
    Polar Questions Question particle
    Lexicon
    M-T Pronouns No M-T pronouns
    N-M Pronouns No N-M pronouns