| Phonology |
|---|
|
Consonant Inventories
|
Moderately large |
|
|
Vowel Quality Inventories
|
Average (5-6) |
|
|
Consonant-Vowel Ratio
|
Moderately high |
|
|
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives
|
In fricatives alone |
|
|
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems
|
Other |
|
|
Uvular Consonants
|
Uvular stops and continuants |
|
|
Glottalized Consonants
|
No glottalized consonants |
|
|
Lateral Consonants
|
/l/, no obstruent laterals |
|
|
The Velar Nasal
|
Initial velar nasal |
|
|
Vowel Nasalization
|
Contrast absent |
|
|
Front Rounded Vowels
|
None |
|
|
Syllable Structure
|
Complex |
|
|
Tone
|
Simple tone system |
|
|
Fixed Stress Locations
|
Initial |
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|
Weight-Sensitive Stress
|
Fixed stress (no weight-sensitivity) |
|
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Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems
|
No weight |
|
|
Absence of Common Consonants
|
All present |
|
|
Presence of Uncommon Consonants
|
None |
|
| Morphology |
|---|
|
Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives
|
Exclusively concatenative |
|
|
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives
|
No case |
|
|
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb
|
8-9 categories per word |
|
|
Locus of Marking in the Clause
|
Head marking |
|
|
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases
|
Head marking |
|
|
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology
|
Head-marking |
|
|
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology
|
Weakly suffixing |
|
|
Reduplication
|
Full reduplication only |
|
|
Case Syncretism
|
No syncretism |
|
|
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking
|
Syncretic |
|
| Nominal Categories |
|---|
|
Number of Genders
|
None |
|
|
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems
|
No gender |
|
|
Systems of Gender Assignment
|
No gender |
|
|
Coding of Nominal Plurality
|
Plural suffix |
|
|
Occurrence of Nominal Plurality
|
All nouns, always optional |
|
|
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns
|
Person stem + nominal plural affix |
|
|
The Associative Plural
|
Associative same as additive plural |
|
|
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns
|
Inclusive/exclusive |
|
|
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection
|
No person marking |
|
|
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives
|
Two-way contrast |
|
|
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives
|
Different inflection |
|
|
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives
|
Related for non-human reference |
|
|
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns
|
No gender distinctions |
|
|
Indefinite Pronouns
|
Interrogative-based |
|
|
Person Marking on Adpositions
|
Pronouns only |
|
|
Number of Cases
|
8-9 cases |
|
|
Asymmetrical Case-Marking
|
Symmetrical |
|
|
Position of Case Affixes
|
Case suffixes |
|
|
Comitatives and Instrumentals
|
Differentiation |
|
|
Ordinal Numerals
|
First, two, three |
|
|
Distributive Numerals
|
Marked by mixed or other strategies |
|
|
Numeral Classifiers
|
Obligatory |
|
|
Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers
|
Formally similar, with interrogative |
|
|
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes
|
Possessive prefixes |
|
| Nominal Syntax |
|---|
|
Action Nominal Constructions
|
Sentential |
|
|
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction
|
Differentiation |
|
| Verbal Categories |
|---|
|
Perfective/Imperfective Aspect
|
No grammatical marking |
|
|
The Past Tense
|
No past tense |
|
|
The Future Tense
|
Inflectional future exists |
|
|
The Perfect
|
No perfect |
|
|
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes
|
Tense-aspect suffixes |
|
|
The Morphological Imperative
|
Second singular and second plural |
|
|
Imperative-Hortative Systems
|
Maximal system |
|
|
The Optative
|
Inflectional optative absent |
|
|
Situational Possibility
|
Verbal constructions |
|
|
Epistemic Possibility
|
Affixes on verbs |
|
|
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking
|
No overlap |
|
|
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality
|
Indirect only |
|
|
Coding of Evidentiality
|
Verbal affix or clitic |
|
|
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect
|
None |
|
|
Verbal Number and Suppletion
|
None |
|
| Word Order |
|---|
|
Order of Subject, Object and Verb
|
SOV |
|
|
Order of Subject and Verb
|
SV |
|
|
Order of Object and Verb
|
OV |
|
|
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
|
Postpositions |
|
|
Order of Genitive and Noun
|
Genitive-Noun |
|
|
Order of Adjective and Noun
|
Adjective-Noun |
|
|
Order of Demonstrative and Noun
|
Demonstrative-Noun |
|
|
Order of Numeral and Noun
|
No dominant order |
|
|
Position of Polar Question Particles
|
Final |
|
|
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions
|
Not initial interrogative phrase |
|
|
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
|
OV and Postpositions |
|
|
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun
|
OV and AdjN |
|
| Simple Clauses |
|---|
|
Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases
|
Neutral |
|
|
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns
|
Neutral |
|
|
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking
|
Neutral |
|
|
Expression of Pronominal Subjects
|
Optional pronouns in subject position |
|
|
Verbal Person Marking
|
No person marking |
|
|
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking
|
No person marking |
|
|
Order of Person Markers on the Verb
|
A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb |
|
|
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give'
|
Secondary-object construction |
|
|
Reciprocal Constructions
|
Distinct from reflexive |
|
|
Passive Constructions
|
Absent |
|
|
Antipassive Constructions
|
No antipassive |
|
|
Applicative Constructions
|
No applicative construction |
|
|
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions
|
Morphological but no compound |
|
|
Negative Morphemes
|
Negative auxiliary verb |
|
|
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation
|
Both |
|
|
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation
|
A/Fin and A/NonReal |
|
|
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation
|
Predicate negation also present |
|
|
Polar Questions
|
Question particle |
|
|
Predicative Adjectives
|
Verbal encoding |
|
|
Nominal and Locational Predication
|
Different |
|
|
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals
|
Possible |
|
| Complex Sentences |
|---|
|
Purpose Clauses
|
Deranked |
|
|
'When' Clauses
|
Deranked |
|
|
Reason Clauses
|
Deranked |
|
|
Utterance Complement Clauses
|
Deranked |
|
| Lexicon |
|---|
|
Numeral Bases
|
Decimal |
|
|
M-T Pronouns
|
No M-T pronouns |
|
|
N-M Pronouns
|
No N-M pronouns |
|
