1. Family: Indo-European
  2. Genus: Iranian

Pashto

WALS coordinates: 33° N, 67° E

spoken in Pakistan, Afghanistan

Alternative Names

Ethnologue:
Ruhlen:
  • Pashto
Routledge:
    Other:
      ISO 639-3:

      Features

      Feature Value References
      Phonology
      Consonant Inventories Moderately large
      Vowel Quality Inventories Average (5-6)
      Consonant-Vowel Ratio Moderately high
      Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives In both plosives and fricatives
      Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems None missing in /p t k b d g/
      Uvular Consonants Uvular continuants only
      Glottalized Consonants No glottalized consonants
      Lateral Consonants Laterals, but no /l/, no obstruent laterals
      The Velar Nasal No initial velar nasal
      Front Rounded Vowels None
      Syllable Structure Complex
      Tone No tones
      Fixed Stress Locations No fixed stress
      Weight-Sensitive Stress Not predictable
      Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems No weight
      Rhythm Types No rhythmic stress
      Absence of Common Consonants All present
      Presence of Uncommon Consonants None
      Morphology
      Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology Strongly suffixing
      Reduplication Productive full and partial reduplication
      Nominal Categories
      Number of Genders Two
      Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems Sex-based
      Systems of Gender Assignment Semantic and formal
      Coding of Nominal Plurality Plural suffix
      Definite Articles No definite or indefinite article
      Indefinite Articles No definite or indefinite article
      Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns Binary politeness distinction
      Indefinite Pronouns Interrogative-based
      Number of Cases 3 cases
      Asymmetrical Case-Marking Additive-quantitatively asymmetrical
      Position of Case Affixes Case suffixes
      Ordinal Numerals First, two-th, three-th
      Distributive Numerals Marked by reduplication
      Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes No possessive affixes
      Verbal Categories
      Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes Tense-aspect suffixes
      Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect Tense and aspect
      Verbal Number and Suppletion None
      Word Order
      Order of Subject, Object and Verb SOV
      Order of Subject and Verb SV
      Order of Object and Verb OV
      Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase No dominant order
      Order of Genitive and Noun Genitive-Noun
      Order of Adjective and Noun Adjective-Noun
      Order of Demonstrative and Noun Demonstrative-Noun
      Order of Numeral and Noun Numeral-Noun
      Order of Relative Clause and Noun Noun-Relative clause
      Order of Degree Word and Adjective Degree word-Adjective
      Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions Not initial interrogative phrase
      Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause Initial subordinator word
      Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase Other
      Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun OV and NRel
      Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun OV and AdjN
      Simple Clauses
      Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions Morphological but no compound
      Negative Morphemes Negative affix
      Polar Questions Question particle
      Lexicon
      Tea Words derived from Sinitic cha