| 1A |
Consonant Inventories |
Moderately large |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 2A |
Vowel Quality Inventories |
Large (7-14) |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 3A |
Consonant-Vowel Ratio |
Average |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 4A |
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives |
In plosives alone |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 5A |
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems |
None missing in /p t k b d g/ |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 6A |
Uvular Consonants |
None |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 7A |
Glottalized Consonants |
Glottalized resonants only |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 8A |
Lateral Consonants |
/l/, no obstruent laterals |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 9A |
The Velar Nasal |
Initial velar nasal |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 10A |
Vowel Nasalization |
Contrast present |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 11A |
Front Rounded Vowels |
None |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 12A |
Syllable Structure |
Moderately complex |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 13A |
Tone |
No tones |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 14A |
Fixed Stress Locations |
Ultimate |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 15A |
Weight-Sensitive Stress |
Fixed stress (no weight-sensitivity) |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 16A |
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems |
No weight |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 17A |
Rhythm Types |
No rhythmic stress |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 18A |
Absence of Common Consonants |
All present |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 19A |
Presence of Uncommon Consonants |
None |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 23A |
Locus of Marking in the Clause |
Dependent marking |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 24A |
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases |
No marking |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 25A |
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology |
Inconsistent or other |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 25B |
Zero Marking of A and P Arguments |
Non-zero marking |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 27A |
Reduplication |
Productive full and partial reduplication |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 30A |
Number of Genders |
None |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 31A |
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems |
No gender |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 32A |
Systems of Gender Assignment |
No gender |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 35A |
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns |
Person stem + pronominal plural affix |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 39A |
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns |
Only inclusive |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
examples
|
| 40A |
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection |
Only inclusive |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
examples
|
| 41A |
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives |
Two-way contrast |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
examples
|
| 42A |
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives |
Identical |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
examples
|
| 43A |
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives |
Unrelated |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
examples
|
| 44A |
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns |
No gender distinctions |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 46A |
Indefinite Pronouns |
Mixed |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 48A |
Person Marking on Adpositions |
No person marking |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 49A |
Number of Cases |
3 cases |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 50A |
Asymmetrical Case-Marking |
Additive-quantitatively asymmetrical |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 51A |
Position of Case Affixes |
No case affixes or adpositional clitics |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 54A |
Distributive Numerals |
No distributive numerals |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 55A |
Numeral Classifiers |
Obligatory |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 56A |
Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers |
Formally different |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 60A |
Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses |
Weakly differentiated |
Nominal Syntax |
|
comment
|
| 61A |
Adjectives without Nouns |
Marked by prefix |
Nominal Syntax |
|
comment
examples
|
| 65A |
Perfective/Imperfective Aspect |
No grammatical marking |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 66A |
The Past Tense |
No past tense |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 67A |
The Future Tense |
No inflectional future |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 68A |
The Perfect |
From 'finish', 'already' |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 70A |
The Morphological Imperative |
No second-person imperatives |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 71A |
The Prohibitive |
Normal imperative + special negative |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 72A |
Imperative-Hortative Systems |
Neither type of system |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 73A |
The Optative |
Inflectional optative absent |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 74A |
Situational Possibility |
Verbal constructions |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 75A |
Epistemic Possibility |
Affixes on verbs |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 76A |
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking |
No overlap |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 79A |
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect |
None |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 79B |
Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives |
None (= no suppletive imperatives reported in the reference material) |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 80A |
Verbal Number and Suppletion |
None |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 81A |
Order of Subject, Object and Verb |
No dominant order |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 81B |
Languages with two Dominant Orders of Subject, Object, and Verb |
VSO or VOS |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 82A |
Order of Subject and Verb |
No dominant order |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 83A |
Order of Object and Verb |
VO |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 84A |
Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb |
VOX |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 85A |
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase |
Prepositions |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 86A |
Order of Genitive and Noun |
Noun-Genitive |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 87A |
Order of Adjective and Noun |
Noun-Adjective |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 88A |
Order of Demonstrative and Noun |
Noun-Demonstrative |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 89A |
Order of Numeral and Noun |
Numeral-Noun |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 90A |
Order of Relative Clause and Noun |
Noun-Relative clause |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 90C |
Postnominal relative clauses |
Noun-Relative clause (NRel) dominant |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 92A |
Position of Polar Question Particles |
No question particle |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 93A |
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions |
Initial interrogative phrase |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 95A |
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase |
VO and Prepositions |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 96A |
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun |
VO and NRel |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 97A |
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun |
VO and NAdj |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 98A |
Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases |
Tripartite |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
examples
|
| 99A |
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns |
Tripartite |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
examples
|
| 100A |
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking |
Split |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 101A |
Expression of Pronominal Subjects |
Subject affixes on verb |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 102A |
Verbal Person Marking |
Only the A argument |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 103A |
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking |
No zero realization |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 104A |
Order of Person Markers on the Verb |
A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 105A |
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' |
Indirect-object construction |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 107A |
Passive Constructions |
Present |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 111A |
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions |
Morphological but no compound |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 112A |
Negative Morphemes |
Negative particle |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 113A |
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation |
Both |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 114A |
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation |
A/Cat |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 116A |
Polar Questions |
Interrogative intonation only |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 125A |
Purpose Clauses |
Balanced |
Complex Sentences |
|
comment
|
| 126A |
'When' Clauses |
Balanced |
Complex Sentences |
|
comment
|
| 127A |
Reason Clauses |
Balanced |
Complex Sentences |
|
comment
|
| 128A |
Utterance Complement Clauses |
Balanced |
Complex Sentences |
|
comment
|
| 142A |
Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks |
Other or none |
Other |
|
comment
|
| 143A |
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb |
NegV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 143E |
Preverbal Negative Morphemes |
NegV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 143F |
Postverbal Negative Morphemes |
None |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 143G |
Minor morphological means of signaling negation |
None |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144A |
Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb |
More than one position |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144B |
Position of negative words relative to beginning and end of clause and with respect to adjacency to verb |
Immed preverbal |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144T |
The Position of Negative Morphemes in Verb-Initial Languages |
NegVSO/NegVOS |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144V |
Verb-Initial with Preverbal Negative |
Separate word, no double negation Word&NoDoubleNeg |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144W |
Verb-Initial with Negative that is Immediately Postverbal or between Subject and Object |
None |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144X |
Verb-Initial with Clause-Final Negative |
No clause-final neg |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
