| 1A |
Consonant Inventories |
Moderately large |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 2A |
Vowel Quality Inventories |
Small (2-4) |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 3A |
Consonant-Vowel Ratio |
High |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 4A |
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives |
No voicing constrast |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 5A |
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems |
Other |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 6A |
Uvular Consonants |
Uvular stops and continuants |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 7A |
Glottalized Consonants |
Ejectives and glottalized resonants |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 8A |
Lateral Consonants |
/l/ and lateral obstruent |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 9A |
The Velar Nasal |
No velar nasal |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 10A |
Vowel Nasalization |
Contrast absent |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 11A |
Front Rounded Vowels |
None |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 12A |
Syllable Structure |
Complex |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 13A |
Tone |
No tones |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 14A |
Fixed Stress Locations |
Penultimate |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 15A |
Weight-Sensitive Stress |
Fixed stress (no weight-sensitivity) |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 16A |
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems |
Prominence |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 17A |
Rhythm Types |
No rhythmic stress |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 18A |
Absence of Common Consonants |
All present |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 19A |
Presence of Uncommon Consonants |
Pharyngeals |
Phonology |
|
comment
|
| 20A |
Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives |
Exclusively concatenative |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 21A |
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives |
Monoexponential case |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 21B |
Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood Inflection |
monoexponential TAM |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 22A |
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb |
8-9 categories per word |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 23A |
Locus of Marking in the Clause |
Double marking |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 24A |
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases |
Head marking |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 25A |
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology |
Inconsistent or other |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 25B |
Zero Marking of A and P Arguments |
Non-zero marking |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 26A |
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology |
Strongly suffixing |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 27A |
Reduplication |
Productive full and partial reduplication |
Morphology |
|
comment
examples
|
| 28A |
Case Syncretism |
No case marking |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 29A |
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking |
Not syncretic |
Morphology |
|
comment
|
| 35A |
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns |
Person-number stem |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 37A |
Definite Articles |
Definite word distinct from demonstrative |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 38A |
Indefinite Articles |
Indefinite word distinct from 'one' |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 39A |
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns |
No inclusive/exclusive |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 40A |
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection |
No inclusive/exclusive |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 44A |
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns |
No gender distinctions |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 46A |
Indefinite Pronouns |
Interrogative-based |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 48A |
Person Marking on Adpositions |
No adpositions |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 49A |
Number of Cases |
2 cases |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 50A |
Asymmetrical Case-Marking |
Syncretism in relevant NP-types |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 51A |
Position of Case Affixes |
Prepositional clitics |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 53A |
Ordinal Numerals |
First, second, three-th |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 57A |
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes |
Prefixes and suffixes |
Nominal Categories |
|
comment
examples
|
| 58A |
Obligatory Possessive Inflection |
Absent |
Nominal Syntax |
|
comment
|
| 58B |
Number of Possessive Nouns |
None reported |
Nominal Syntax |
|
comment
|
| 59A |
Possessive Classification |
No possessive classification |
Nominal Syntax |
|
comment
|
| 62A |
Action Nominal Constructions |
No action nominals |
Nominal Syntax |
|
comment
|
| 63A |
Noun Phrase Conjunction |
'And' different from 'with' |
Nominal Syntax |
|
comment
|
| 64A |
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction |
Identity |
Nominal Syntax |
|
comment
|
| 71A |
The Prohibitive |
Special imperative + special negative |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 72A |
Imperative-Hortative Systems |
Neither type of system |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 73A |
The Optative |
Inflectional optative absent |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 74A |
Situational Possibility |
Affixes on verbs |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 75A |
Epistemic Possibility |
Affixes on verbs |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 76A |
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking |
No overlap |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 77A |
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality |
Direct and indirect |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 78A |
Coding of Evidentiality |
Separate particle |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 79A |
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect |
None |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 79B |
Suppletion in Imperatives and Hortatives |
None (= no suppletive imperatives reported in the reference material) |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 80A |
Verbal Number and Suppletion |
None |
Verbal Categories |
|
comment
|
| 81A |
Order of Subject, Object and Verb |
VSO |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 82A |
Order of Subject and Verb |
VS |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 83A |
Order of Object and Verb |
VO |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 85A |
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase |
Prepositions |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 86A |
Order of Genitive and Noun |
Noun-Genitive |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 87A |
Order of Adjective and Noun |
Adjective-Noun |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 88A |
Order of Demonstrative and Noun |
Demonstrative-Noun |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 89A |
Order of Numeral and Noun |
Numeral-Noun |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 90A |
Order of Relative Clause and Noun |
Mixed |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 90B |
Prenominal relative clauses |
RelN or NRel |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 90C |
Postnominal relative clauses |
NRel or RelN |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 92A |
Position of Polar Question Particles |
Second position |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 94A |
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause |
Initial subordinator word |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 95A |
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase |
VO and Prepositions |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 96A |
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun |
Other |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 97A |
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun |
VO and AdjN |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 98A |
Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases |
Neutral |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
examples
|
| 100A |
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking |
Accusative |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 101A |
Expression of Pronominal Subjects |
Subject affixes on verb |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 102A |
Verbal Person Marking |
Both the A and P arguments |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 103A |
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking |
Zero in all 3rd person forms |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 104A |
Order of Person Markers on the Verb |
P precedes A |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 107A |
Passive Constructions |
Present |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 111A |
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions |
Morphological but no compound |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 112A |
Negative Morphemes |
Negative auxiliary verb |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 113A |
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation |
Asymmetric |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 114A |
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation |
A/Fin and A/NonReal |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 115A |
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation |
Predicate negation also present |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 116A |
Polar Questions |
Question particle |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 118A |
Predicative Adjectives |
Verbal encoding |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 119A |
Nominal and Locational Predication |
Different |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 120A |
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals |
Impossible |
Simple Clauses |
|
comment
|
| 124A |
'Want' Complement Subjects |
Subject is expressed overtly |
Complex Sentences |
|
comment
|
| 126A |
'When' Clauses |
Deranked |
Complex Sentences |
|
comment
|
| 128A |
Utterance Complement Clauses |
Deranked |
Complex Sentences |
|
comment
|
| 129A |
Hand and Arm |
Identical |
Lexicon |
|
comment
examples
|
| 130A |
Finger and Hand |
Different |
Lexicon |
|
comment
examples
|
| 136A |
M-T Pronouns |
No M-T pronouns |
Lexicon |
|
comment
|
| 136B |
M in First Person Singular |
No m in first person singular |
Lexicon |
|
comment
|
| 137A |
N-M Pronouns |
No N-M pronouns |
Lexicon |
|
comment
|
| 137B |
M in Second Person Singular |
No m in second person singular |
Lexicon |
|
comment
|
| 143A |
Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb |
NegV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 143E |
Preverbal Negative Morphemes |
NegV |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 143F |
Postverbal Negative Morphemes |
None |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 143G |
Minor morphological means of signaling negation |
None |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144A |
Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb |
NegVSO |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144B |
Position of negative words relative to beginning and end of clause and with respect to adjacency to verb |
Immed preverbal |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144T |
The Position of Negative Morphemes in Verb-Initial Languages |
NegVSO |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144V |
Verb-Initial with Preverbal Negative |
Separate word, no double negation Word&NoDoubleNeg |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144W |
Verb-Initial with Negative that is Immediately Postverbal or between Subject and Object |
None |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
| 144X |
Verb-Initial with Clause-Final Negative |
No clause-final neg |
Word Order |
|
comment
|
