| Morphology |
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Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology
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Strongly suffixing |
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Reduplication
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Productive full and partial reduplication |
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| Nominal Categories |
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Number of Genders
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Three |
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Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems
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Sex-based |
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Systems of Gender Assignment
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Semantic |
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Coding of Nominal Plurality
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Plural suffix |
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Occurrence of Nominal Plurality
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All nouns, optional in inanimates |
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Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns
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Person-number stem + nominal plural affix |
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Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives
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Two-way contrast |
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Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives
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Different inflection |
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Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns
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Multiple politeness distinctions |
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Indefinite Pronouns
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Interrogative-based |
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Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns
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Identical |
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Position of Case Affixes
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Case suffixes |
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Comitatives and Instrumentals
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Differentiation |
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Ordinal Numerals
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First, two-th, three-th |
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Distributive Numerals
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Marked by reduplication |
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Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers
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Formally similar, with interrogative |
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| Nominal Syntax |
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Action Nominal Constructions
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Sentential |
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Noun Phrase Conjunction
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'And' different from 'with' |
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Nominal and Verbal Conjunction
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Differentiation |
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| Verbal Categories |
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Perfective/Imperfective Aspect
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No grammatical marking |
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The Past Tense
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Present, no remoteness distinctions |
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The Future Tense
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Inflectional future exists |
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The Perfect
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Other perfect |
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Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes
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Tense-aspect suffixes |
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The Morphological Imperative
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Second singular and second plural |
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The Prohibitive
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Special imperative + special negative |
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Situational Possibility
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Affixes on verbs |
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Epistemic Possibility
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Affixes on verbs |
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Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking
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Overlap for either possibility or necessity |
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Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality
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Indirect only |
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Coding of Evidentiality
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Verbal affix or clitic |
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| Word Order |
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Order of Subject, Object and Verb
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SOV |
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Order of Subject and Verb
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SV |
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Order of Object and Verb
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OV |
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Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb
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XOV |
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Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
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Postpositions |
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Order of Genitive and Noun
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Genitive-Noun |
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Order of Adjective and Noun
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Adjective-Noun |
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Order of Demonstrative and Noun
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Demonstrative-Noun |
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Order of Numeral and Noun
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Numeral-Noun |
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Order of Relative Clause and Noun
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Relative clause-Noun |
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Order of Degree Word and Adjective
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Degree word-Adjective |
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Position of Polar Question Particles
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No question particle |
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Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions
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Not initial interrogative phrase |
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Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause
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Subordinating suffix |
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Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
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OV and Postpositions |
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Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun
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OV and RelN |
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Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun
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OV and AdjN |
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| Simple Clauses |
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Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give'
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Indirect-object construction |
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Reciprocal Constructions
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Distinct from reflexive |
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Antipassive Constructions
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No antipassive |
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Applicative Constructions
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No applicative construction |
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Periphrastic Causative Constructions
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Purposive but no sequential |
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Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions
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Morphological but no compound |
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Negative Morphemes
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Negative affix |
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Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation
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Predicate negation also present |
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Polar Questions
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Interrogative verb morphology |
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Predicative Possession
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Locational |
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Predicative Adjectives
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Nonverbal encoding |
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Nominal and Locational Predication
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Identical |
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Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals
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Possible |
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Comparative Constructions
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Locational |
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| Complex Sentences |
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Purpose Clauses
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Deranked |
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'When' Clauses
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Deranked |
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Reason Clauses
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Deranked |
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Utterance Complement Clauses
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Deranked |
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| Lexicon |
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Hand and Arm
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Identical |
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Finger and Hand
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Different |
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