1. Family: Kartvelian
  2. Genus: Kartvelian

Georgian

WALS coordinates: 42° N, 44° E

spoken in Georgia

Alternative Names

Ethnologue:
Ruhlen:
  • Georgian
Routledge:
    Other:
    • Gruzinski,
    • Kartuli
    ISO 639-3:

    Features

    Feature Value References
    Phonology
    Consonant Inventories Moderately large
    Vowel Quality Inventories Average (5-6)
    Consonant-Vowel Ratio Moderately high
    Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives In both plosives and fricatives
    Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems Other
    Uvular Consonants Uvular stops and continuants
    Glottalized Consonants Ejectives only
    Lateral Consonants Laterals, but no /l/, no obstruent laterals
    The Velar Nasal No velar nasal
    Vowel Nasalization Contrast absent
    Front Rounded Vowels None
    Syllable Structure Complex
    Tone No tones
    Fixed Stress Locations Antepenultimate
    Weight-Sensitive Stress Fixed stress (no weight-sensitivity)
    Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems No weight
    Rhythm Types Trochaic
    Absence of Common Consonants All present
    Presence of Uncommon Consonants None
    Morphology
    Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives Exclusively concatenative
    Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives Monoexponential case
    Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb 8-9 categories per word
    Locus of Marking in the Clause Double marking
    Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases Dependent marking
    Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology Inconsistent or other
    Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology Weakly suffixing
    Reduplication Productive full and partial reduplication
    Case Syncretism Core and non-core
    Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking Not syncretic
    Nominal Categories
    Number of Genders None
    Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems No gender
    Systems of Gender Assignment No gender
    Coding of Nominal Plurality Plural suffix
    Occurrence of Nominal Plurality All nouns, always obligatory
    Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns Person-number stem + pronominal plural affix
    The Associative Plural Unique affixal associative plural
    Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns No inclusive/exclusive
    Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection 'We' the same as 'I'
    Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives Three-way contrast
    Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives Different inflection
    Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives Related to remote demonstratives
    Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns No gender distinctions
    Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns Binary politeness distinction
    Indefinite Pronouns Interrogative-based
    Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns Identical
    Person Marking on Adpositions No person marking
    Number of Cases 6-7 cases
    Asymmetrical Case-Marking Subtractive-quantitatively asymmetrical
    Position of Case Affixes Case suffixes
    Comitatives and Instrumentals Mixed
    Ordinal Numerals First, two-th, three-th
    Distributive Numerals Marked by reduplication
    Numeral Classifiers Absent
    Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers Formally different
    Nominal Syntax
    Obligatory Possessive Inflection Absent
    Possessive Classification No possessive classification
    Genitives, Adjectives and Relative Clauses Highly differentiated
    Adjectives without Nouns Without marking
    Action Nominal Constructions Ergative-Possessive
    Noun Phrase Conjunction 'And' different from 'with'
    Nominal and Verbal Conjunction Identity
    Verbal Categories
    Perfective/Imperfective Aspect Grammatical marking
    The Past Tense Present, no remoteness distinctions
    The Future Tense Inflectional future exists
    The Perfect No perfect
    Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes Tense-aspect suffixes
    The Morphological Imperative No second-person imperatives
    Imperative-Hortative Systems Neither type of system
    The Optative Inflectional optative present
    Situational Possibility Verbal constructions
    Epistemic Possibility Other
    Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking Overlap for either possibility or necessity
    Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality Direct and indirect
    Coding of Evidentiality Mixed
    Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect Tense and aspect
    Verbal Number and Suppletion Singular-plural pairs, no suppletion
    Word Order
    Order of Subject, Object and Verb SOV
    Order of Subject and Verb SV
    Order of Object and Verb OV
    Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase Postpositions
    Order of Genitive and Noun Genitive-Noun
    Order of Adjective and Noun Adjective-Noun
    Order of Demonstrative and Noun Demonstrative-Noun
    Order of Numeral and Noun Numeral-Noun
    Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions Not initial interrogative phrase
    Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause Initial subordinator word
    Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase OV and Postpositions
    Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun OV and AdjN
    Simple Clauses
    Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases Active-inactive
    Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns Neutral
    Alignment of Verbal Person Marking Accusative
    Expression of Pronominal Subjects Subject pronouns in different position
    Verbal Person Marking Both the A and P arguments
    Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking No zero realization
    Order of Person Markers on the Verb P precedes A
    Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' Indirect-object construction
    Reciprocal Constructions Distinct from reflexive
    Passive Constructions Present
    Antipassive Constructions No antipassive
    Applicative Constructions Benefactive and other; both bases
    Periphrastic Causative Constructions Purposive but no sequential
    Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions Morphological but no compound
    Negative Morphemes Negative particle
    Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation Symmetric
    Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation Non-assignable
    Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation Mixed behaviour
    Predicative Possession 'Have'
    Predicative Adjectives Nonverbal encoding
    Nominal and Locational Predication Identical
    Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals Impossible
    Comparative Constructions Locational
    Complex Sentences
    Relativization on Subjects Relative pronoun
    Relativization on Obliques Relative pronoun
    'Want' Complement Subjects Both construction types exist
    Purpose Clauses Balanced/deranked
    'When' Clauses Balanced/deranked
    Reason Clauses Balanced
    Utterance Complement Clauses Balanced
    Lexicon
    Hand and Arm Identical
    Finger and Hand Different
    Numeral Bases Hybrid vigesimal-decimal
    M-T Pronouns M-T pronouns, paradigmatic
    N-M Pronouns No N-M pronouns
    Tea Words derived from Sinitic cha
    Other
    Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks Logical meanings