| Phonology |
|---|
|
Consonant Inventories
|
Average |
|
|
Vowel Quality Inventories
|
Large (7-14) |
|
|
Consonant-Vowel Ratio
|
Moderately low |
|
|
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives
|
No voicing constrast |
|
|
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems
|
Other |
|
|
Uvular Consonants
|
None |
|
|
Glottalized Consonants
|
Implosives and glottalized resonants |
|
|
Lateral Consonants
|
/l/, no obstruent laterals |
|
|
The Velar Nasal
|
Initial velar nasal |
|
|
Vowel Nasalization
|
Contrast absent |
|
|
Front Rounded Vowels
|
None |
|
|
Syllable Structure
|
Complex |
|
|
Tone
|
Simple tone system |
|
|
Fixed Stress Locations
|
Ultimate |
|
|
Weight-Sensitive Stress
|
Fixed stress (no weight-sensitivity) |
|
|
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems
|
No weight |
|
|
Absence of Common Consonants
|
All present |
|
|
Presence of Uncommon Consonants
|
None |
|
| Morphology |
|---|
|
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology
|
Little affixation |
|
|
Case Syncretism
|
No case marking |
|
|
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking
|
No subject person/number marking |
|
| Nominal Categories |
|---|
|
Number of Genders
|
Two |
|
|
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems
|
Sex-based |
|
|
Systems of Gender Assignment
|
Semantic |
|
|
Coding of Nominal Plurality
|
No plural |
|
|
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns
|
Person-number stem |
|
|
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns
|
No inclusive/exclusive |
|
|
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection
|
No person marking |
|
|
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives
|
Unrelated |
|
|
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns
|
In 3rd person + 1st and/or 2nd person |
|
|
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns
|
No politeness distinction |
|
|
Indefinite Pronouns
|
Special |
|
|
Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns
|
Differentiated |
|
|
Person Marking on Adpositions
|
No person marking |
|
|
Number of Cases
|
No morphological case-marking |
|
|
Asymmetrical Case-Marking
|
No case-marking |
|
|
Position of Case Affixes
|
No case affixes or adpositional clitics |
|
|
Distributive Numerals
|
No distributive numerals |
|
|
Numeral Classifiers
|
Obligatory |
|
|
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes
|
No possessive affixes |
|
| Nominal Syntax |
|---|
|
Action Nominal Constructions
|
Restricted |
|
|
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction
|
Differentiation |
|
| Verbal Categories |
|---|
|
Perfective/Imperfective Aspect
|
No grammatical marking |
|
|
The Past Tense
|
No past tense |
|
|
The Future Tense
|
No inflectional future |
|
|
The Perfect
|
From 'finish', 'already' |
|
|
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes
|
No tense-aspect inflection |
|
|
The Morphological Imperative
|
No second-person imperatives |
|
|
The Prohibitive
|
Normal imperative + special negative |
|
|
Imperative-Hortative Systems
|
Neither type of system |
|
|
The Optative
|
Inflectional optative absent |
|
|
Situational Possibility
|
Verbal constructions |
|
|
Epistemic Possibility
|
Other |
|
|
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking
|
No overlap |
|
|
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality
|
No grammatical evidentials |
|
|
Coding of Evidentiality
|
No grammatical evidentials |
|
| Word Order |
|---|
|
Order of Subject, Object and Verb
|
SVO |
|
|
Order of Subject and Verb
|
SV |
|
|
Order of Object and Verb
|
VO |
|
|
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
|
Prepositions |
|
|
Order of Genitive and Noun
|
Noun-Genitive |
|
|
Order of Adjective and Noun
|
Noun-Adjective |
|
|
Order of Demonstrative and Noun
|
Noun-Demonstrative |
|
|
Order of Numeral and Noun
|
Noun-Numeral |
|
|
Order of Degree Word and Adjective
|
No dominant order |
|
|
Position of Polar Question Particles
|
Final |
|
|
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
|
VO and Prepositions |
|
|
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun
|
VO and NAdj |
|
| Simple Clauses |
|---|
|
Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases
|
Neutral |
|
|
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns
|
Neutral |
|
|
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking
|
Neutral |
|
|
Expression of Pronominal Subjects
|
Optional pronouns in subject position |
|
|
Verbal Person Marking
|
No person marking |
|
|
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking
|
No person marking |
|
|
Order of Person Markers on the Verb
|
A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb |
|
|
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give'
|
Indirect-object construction |
|
|
Passive Constructions
|
Absent |
|
|
Periphrastic Causative Constructions
|
Sequential but no purposive |
|
|
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions
|
Both |
|
|
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation
|
Symmetric |
|
|
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation
|
Non-assignable |
|
|
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation
|
Predicate negation also present |
|
|
Polar Questions
|
Question particle |
|
| Complex Sentences |
|---|
|
'Want' Complement Subjects
|
Subject is left implicit |
|
|
Purpose Clauses
|
Balanced |
|
|
Utterance Complement Clauses
|
Balanced |
|
| Other |
|---|
|
Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks
|
Affective meanings |
|
