| Phonology |
|---|
|
Consonant Inventories
|
Moderately large |
|
|
Vowel Quality Inventories
|
Small (2-4) |
|
|
Consonant-Vowel Ratio
|
High |
|
|
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives
|
In fricatives alone |
|
|
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems
|
Other |
|
|
Uvular Consonants
|
None |
|
|
Glottalized Consonants
|
Ejectives only |
|
|
Lateral Consonants
|
/l/ and lateral obstruent |
|
|
The Velar Nasal
|
No velar nasal |
|
|
Vowel Nasalization
|
Contrast present |
|
|
Front Rounded Vowels
|
None |
|
|
Syllable Structure
|
Moderately complex |
|
|
Tone
|
Simple tone system |
|
|
Fixed Stress Locations
|
No fixed stress |
|
|
Absence of Common Consonants
|
All present |
|
|
Presence of Uncommon Consonants
|
None |
|
| Morphology |
|---|
|
Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives
|
Exclusively concatenative |
|
|
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology
|
Strong prefixing |
|
|
Reduplication
|
No productive reduplication |
|
|
Case Syncretism
|
No case marking |
|
|
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking
|
Not syncretic |
|
| Nominal Categories |
|---|
|
Coding of Nominal Plurality
|
Plural suffix |
|
|
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns
|
Person-number stem + nominal plural affix |
|
|
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns
|
No inclusive/exclusive |
|
|
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection
|
No inclusive/exclusive |
|
|
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives
|
Five (or more)-way contrast |
|
|
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives
|
Identical |
|
|
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns
|
3rd person singular only |
|
|
Indefinite Pronouns
|
Interrogative-based |
|
|
Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns
|
Differentiated |
|
|
Person Marking on Adpositions
|
Pronouns and nouns |
|
|
Number of Cases
|
No morphological case-marking |
|
|
Asymmetrical Case-Marking
|
No case-marking |
|
|
Position of Case Affixes
|
No case affixes or adpositional clitics |
|
|
Comitatives and Instrumentals
|
Differentiation |
|
|
Ordinal Numerals
|
First/one-th, two-th, three-th |
|
|
Numeral Classifiers
|
Absent |
|
|
Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes
|
Possessive prefixes |
|
| Nominal Syntax |
|---|
|
Action Nominal Constructions
|
No action nominals |
|
|
Noun Phrase Conjunction
|
'And' identical to 'with' |
|
|
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction
|
Identity |
|
| Verbal Categories |
|---|
|
Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes
|
Tense-aspect prefixes |
|
|
The Morphological Imperative
|
No second-person imperatives |
|
|
The Prohibitive
|
Special imperative + special negative |
|
|
Imperative-Hortative Systems
|
Neither type of system |
|
|
The Optative
|
Inflectional optative absent |
|
|
Situational Possibility
|
Affixes on verbs |
|
|
Epistemic Possibility
|
Affixes on verbs |
|
|
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking
|
Overlap for either possibility or necessity |
|
|
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality
|
Indirect only |
|
|
Coding of Evidentiality
|
Separate particle |
|
|
Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect
|
None |
|
|
Verbal Number and Suppletion
|
Singular-dual-plural triples, no suppletion |
|
| Word Order |
|---|
|
Order of Subject, Object and Verb
|
SOV |
|
|
Order of Subject and Verb
|
SV |
|
|
Order of Object and Verb
|
OV |
|
|
Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb
|
OXV |
|
|
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
|
Postpositions |
|
|
Order of Genitive and Noun
|
Genitive-Noun |
|
|
Order of Adjective and Noun
|
Noun-Adjective |
|
|
Order of Demonstrative and Noun
|
Demonstrative-Noun |
|
|
Order of Numeral and Noun
|
Noun-Numeral |
|
|
Order of Relative Clause and Noun
|
Internally headed |
|
|
Order of Degree Word and Adjective
|
Degree word-Adjective |
|
|
Position of Polar Question Particles
|
In either of two positions |
|
|
Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions
|
Not initial interrogative phrase |
|
|
Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause
|
Initial subordinator word |
|
|
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
|
OV and Postpositions |
|
|
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun
|
Other |
|
|
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun
|
OV and NAdj |
|
| Simple Clauses |
|---|
|
Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases
|
Neutral |
|
|
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking
|
Accusative |
|
|
Expression of Pronominal Subjects
|
Subject affixes on verb |
|
|
Verbal Person Marking
|
Both the A and P arguments |
|
|
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking
|
Zero in all 3rd person forms |
|
|
Order of Person Markers on the Verb
|
P precedes A |
|
|
Passive Constructions
|
Present |
|
|
Periphrastic Causative Constructions
|
Sequential but no purposive |
|
|
Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions
|
Neither |
|
|
Negative Morphemes
|
Negative particle |
|
|
Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation
|
Asymmetric |
|
|
Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation
|
A/Cat |
|
|
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation
|
Predicate negation also present |
|
|
Polar Questions
|
Question particle |
|
|
Predicative Possession
|
Conjunctional |
|
|
Predicative Adjectives
|
Verbal encoding |
|
|
Nominal and Locational Predication
|
Different |
|
|
Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals
|
Impossible |
|
|
Comparative Constructions
|
Locational |
|
| Complex Sentences |
|---|
|
'Want' Complement Subjects
|
Subject is expressed overtly |
|
| Lexicon |
|---|
|
Hand and Arm
|
Different |
|
|
Finger and Hand
|
Identical |
|
|
Numeral Bases
|
Decimal |
|
