| Phonology |
|---|
|
Consonant Inventories
|
Large |
|
|
Vowel Quality Inventories
|
Small (2-4) |
|
|
Consonant-Vowel Ratio
|
High |
|
|
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives
|
In both plosives and fricatives |
|
|
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems
|
None missing in /p t k b d g/ |
|
|
Uvular Consonants
|
Uvular stops and continuants |
|
|
Glottalized Consonants
|
Ejectives only |
|
|
Lateral Consonants
|
/l/, no obstruent laterals |
|
|
The Velar Nasal
|
No velar nasal |
|
|
Vowel Nasalization
|
Contrast absent |
|
|
Front Rounded Vowels
|
None |
|
|
Syllable Structure
|
Complex |
|
|
Tone
|
No tones |
|
|
Absence of Common Consonants
|
All present |
|
|
Presence of Uncommon Consonants
|
Pharyngeals |
|
| Morphology |
|---|
|
Case Syncretism
|
Core cases only |
|
|
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking
|
Syncretic |
|
| Nominal Categories |
|---|
|
Number of Genders
|
Four |
|
|
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems
|
Sex-based |
|
|
Systems of Gender Assignment
|
Semantic |
|
|
Occurrence of Nominal Plurality
|
All nouns, always obligatory |
|
|
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns
|
Person-number stem |
|
|
The Associative Plural
|
Associative same as additive plural |
|
|
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns
|
No inclusive/exclusive |
|
|
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection
|
No inclusive/exclusive |
|
|
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns
|
No gender distinctions |
|
|
Indefinite Pronouns
|
Interrogative-based |
|
|
Person Marking on Adpositions
|
No person marking |
|
|
Number of Cases
|
10 or more cases |
|
|
Asymmetrical Case-Marking
|
Symmetrical |
|
|
Position of Case Affixes
|
Case suffixes |
|
|
Comitatives and Instrumentals
|
Differentiation |
|
|
Distributive Numerals
|
Marked by reduplication |
|
| Nominal Syntax |
|---|
|
Action Nominal Constructions
|
Sentential |
|
|
Nominal and Verbal Conjunction
|
Identity |
|
| Verbal Categories |
|---|
|
The Morphological Imperative
|
Second singular and second plural |
|
|
The Prohibitive
|
Normal imperative + special negative |
|
|
Imperative-Hortative Systems
|
Maximal system |
|
|
Situational Possibility
|
Verbal constructions |
|
|
Epistemic Possibility
|
Verbal constructions |
|
|
Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking
|
Overlap for either possibility or necessity |
|
|
Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality
|
No grammatical evidentials |
|
|
Coding of Evidentiality
|
No grammatical evidentials |
|
| Word Order |
|---|
|
Order of Subject and Verb
|
SV |
|
|
Order of Object and Verb
|
OV |
|
|
Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
|
Postpositions |
|
|
Order of Adjective and Noun
|
Adjective-Noun |
|
|
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
|
OV and Postpositions |
|
|
Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun
|
OV and AdjN |
|
| Simple Clauses |
|---|
|
Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases
|
Ergative - absolutive |
|
|
Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns
|
Neutral |
|
|
Alignment of Verbal Person Marking
|
Ergative |
|
|
Verbal Person Marking
|
Only the P argument |
|
|
Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking
|
No zero realization |
|
|
Order of Person Markers on the Verb
|
A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb |
|
|
Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give'
|
Indirect-object construction |
|
|
Passive Constructions
|
Absent |
|
|
Antipassive Constructions
|
Oblique patient |
|
|
Applicative Constructions
|
No applicative construction |
|
|
Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation
|
Predicate negation also present |
|
| Complex Sentences |
|---|
|
'Want' Complement Subjects
|
Subject is left implicit |
|
| Lexicon |
|---|
|
Numeral Bases
|
Decimal |
|
