Combination Coding of Evidentiality / Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality

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Coding of Evidentiality / Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality Number of languages
reload No grammatical evidentials / No grammatical evidentials
Abipón
Arabic (Egyptian)
Aguaruna
Anguthimri
Alamblak
Alawa
Amele
Arapesh (Mountain)
Awa Pit
Barai
Bawm
Budukh
Benabena
Batak (Karo)
Blackfoot
Breton
Brahui
Burmese
Berber (Ayt Seghrouchen Middle Atlas)
Burushaski
Candoshi
Campa (Axininca)
Chukchi
Chrau
Chichimeca-Jonaz
Chinook (Lower)
Chinantec (Lealao)
Chemehuevi
Canela
Chorote
Chatino (Sierra Occidental)
Cayuvava
Daga
Diegueño (Mesa Grande)
Diola-Fogny
Djapu
Drehu
Dyirbal
English
Ewe
Fijian
Fore
Fur
Grebo
Greek (Modern)
Gumbaynggir
Guugu Yimidhirr
Hausa
Hebrew (Modern)
Hindi
Huitoto (Minica)
Hmong Njua
Hungarian
Igbo
Ignaciano
Imonda
Indonesian
Irish
Iraqw
Itelmen
Ju|'hoan
Kera
Ket
Koromfe
Khalaj
Khmer
Nama
Khasi
Lusi
Kalispel
Kilivila
Khmu'
Kunama
Kanuri
Kobon
Kolami
Kongo
Kapampangan
Kiribati
Krongo
Koyraboro Senni
Kutenai
Lak
Lango
Lavukaleve
Lepcha
Luvale
Maba
Macushi
Malagasy
Maori
Mapudungun
Maung
Maybrat
Machiguenga
Maranungku
Mandarin
Margany
Movima
Murle
Munsee
Mundari
Mixtec (Chalcatongo)
Mixtec (Ayutla)
Mixtec (Coatzospan)
Nubian (Dongolese)
Ndyuka
Nez Perce
Nahuatl (Huasteca)
Nkore-Kiga
Nahuatl (Milpa Alta)
Ngiti
Nunggubuyu
Nyawaygi
Ojibwa (Eastern)
Oromo (Harar)
Pemon
Pipil
Palikur
Paamese
Pohnpeian
Pitta Pitta
Qawasqar
Rama
Rapanui
Romanian
Russian
Sango
Sayula Popoluca
Sáliba (in Colombia)
Selknam
Siuslaw
Selepet
Sentani
Spanish
Sre
Supyire
Swahili
Taba
Tauya
Thai
Thakali
Tillamook
Tiwi
Tlingit
Tlapanec
Timucua
Tunebo
Toqabaqita
Tewa (Rio Grande)
Tasmanian
Tukang Besi
Tuscarora
Tiwa (Southern)
Totonac (Xicotepec de Juárez)
Uradhi
Una
Ungarinjin
Usan
Vietnamese
Wambaya
Wari'
Watjarri
Wichí
Wiyot
Woleaian
Wardaman
Warrgamay
Warekena
Wayana
Yagua
Yidiny
Yimas
Yoruba
Yuchi
Yukulta
Yurok
Yawelmani
Yaygir
Zulu
Zuni
181
No grammatical evidentials / Indirect only
0
No grammatical evidentials / Direct and indirect
0
Verbal affix or clitic / No grammatical evidentials
0
reload Verbal affix or clitic / Indirect only 92
reload Verbal affix or clitic / Direct and indirect 39
Part of the tense system / No grammatical evidentials
0
reload Part of the tense system / Indirect only 3
reload Part of the tense system / Direct and indirect 21
Separate particle / No grammatical evidentials
0
reload Separate particle / Indirect only 62
reload Separate particle / Direct and indirect 3
Modal morpheme / No grammatical evidentials
0
reload Modal morpheme / Indirect only 7
Modal morpheme / Direct and indirect
0
Mixed / No grammatical evidentials
0
reload Mixed / Indirect only 2
reload Mixed / Direct and indirect 8